HEBREW
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Himmelreich, Anke, Melissa Jeckel, Katharina Hartmann, Johannes Mursell (2021): Agreement with Coordinated Subjects in the World's Languages [Data set]. Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main (Link: https://www.multivaluation.de/database.php)
Overview
| Language family: | Afro-Asiatic (Semitic)
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| Countries: | Israel
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| Number of speakers: | 9 million
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| Agreement features: | gender, number, person
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| Attested word orders: | SV, VS, (Note: VS order is only possible with a preverbal adverb and focus on the adverb and the subject.)
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| Coordination types: | and, or
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Data Collection
The data shown here were elicited with a native speaker. Two more native speakers entered data via an online survey. Even though the verb forms showed some variation, all speakers showed the same patterns for number and gender. As for person, the online survey did not check for all combinations. Note that we tested agreement in past tense form as past tense forms show agreement in all feature.
Patterns for gender
Coordination with ``and''
SV order
Pattern: Mismatches are resolved to masculine. (Note: Gender is not marked in 3rd person plural.)
| 1st | 2nd | fem | masc
|
| fem | fem | masc
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| masc | masc | masc
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Examples:
| (1) | ha-gever | ve-ha-isha | ratsu
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| the-man | and-the-woman | ran.pl.masc
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| `The man and the woman were running.'
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| (2) | ha-isha | ve-ha-gever | ratsu
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| the-woman | and-the-man | ran.pl.masc
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| `The woman and the man were running.'
|
VS order
Pattern: Mismatches are resolved to masculine. (Note: Gender is not marked in 3rd person plural.)
| 1st | 2nd | fem | masc
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| fem | fem | masc
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| masc | masc | masc
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Examples:
| (3) | le-sham | ratsu | he-gever | ve-ha-isha
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| to-there | ran.pl.masc | the-man | and-the-woman
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| `The man and the woman were running there.'
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| (4) | le-sham | ratsu | ha-isha | ve-ha-gever
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| to-there | ran.pl.masc | the-woman | and-the-man
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| `The woman and the man were running there.'
|
Coordination with ``or''
SV order
Pattern: Mismatches are resolved to masculine. (Note: Gender is not marked in 3rd person plural.)
| 1st | 2nd | fem | masc
|
| fem | fem | masc
|
| masc | masc | masc
|
Examples:
| (5) | ha-gever | o | ha-isha | ratsu
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| the-man | or | the-woman | ran.pl.masc
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| `The man or the woman were running.'
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| (6) | ha-isha | o | ha-gever | ratsu
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| the-woman | or | the-man | ran.pl.masc
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| `The woman or the man were running.'
|
VS order
Pattern: Mismatches are resolved to masculine. (Note: Gender is not marked in 3rd person plural.)
| 1st | 2nd | fem | masc
|
| fem | fem | masc
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| masc | masc | masc
|
Examples:
| (7) | le-sham | ratsu | he-gever | o | ha-isha
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| to-there | ran.pl.masc | the-man | or | the-woman
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| `The man or the woman were running there.'
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| (8) | le-sham | ratsu | ha-isha | o | ha-gever
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| to-there | ran.pl.masc | the-woman | or | the-man
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| `The woman or the man were running there.'
|
Patterns for number
Coordination with ``and''
SV order
Pattern: There is plural marking throughout. (According to three speakers.)
| 1st | 2nd | sg | pl
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| sg | pl | pl
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| pl | pl | pl
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Examples:
| (9) | ha-jeled | ve-ha-gever | ratsu
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| the-boy | and-the-man | ran.pl.masc
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| `The boy and the man were running.'
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| (10) | ha-jeladim | ve-ha-gever | ratsu
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| the-boys | and-the-man | ran.pl.masc
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| `The boys and the man were running.'
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| (11) | ha-jeled | ve-ha-gvarim | ratsu
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| the-boy | and-the-men | ran.pl.masc
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| `The boy and the men were running.'
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VS order
Pattern: There is plural marking throughout.
| 1st | 2nd | sg | pl
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| sg | pl | pl
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| pl | pl | pl
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Examples:
| (12) | le-sham | ratsu | ha-jeled | ve-ha-gever
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| to-there | ran.pl.masc | the-boy | and-the-man | |
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| `The boy and the man were running there.'
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| (13) | le-sham | ratsu | ha-jeladim | ve-ha-gever
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| to-there | ran.pl.masc | the-boys | and-the-man
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| `The boys and the man were running there.'
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| (14) | le-sham | ratsu | ha-jeled | ve-ha-gvarim
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| to-there | ran.pl.masc | the-boy | and-the-men
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| `The boy and the men were running there.'
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Coordination with ``or''
SV order
Pattern: With two singular conjuncts, plural marking on the verb is fine, while singular marking is only possible if both conjuncts are focussed. If the two conjuncts mismatch in number, number is resolved to plural.
| 1st | 2nd | sg | pl
|
| sg | pl/sg | pl
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| pl | pl | pl
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Examples:
| (15) | ha-jeled | o | ha-gever | ratsu
|
| the-boy | or | the-man | ran.pl.masc
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| `The boy or the man were running.'
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| (16) | ha-JELED | o | ha-GEVER | rats
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| the-boy | or | the-man | ran.sg.masc
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| `The boy or the man were running.'
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| (17) | ha-jeladim | o | ha-gever | ratsu
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| the-boys | or | the-man | ran.pl.masc
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| `The boys or the man were running.'
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| (18) | ha-jeled | o | ha-gvarim | ratsu
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| the-boy | or | the-men | ran.pl.masc
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| `The boy or the men were running.'
|
VS order
Pattern: With two singular conjuncts, plural marking or singular marking on the verb is fine. If the two conjuncts mismatch in number, number is resolved to plural.
| 1st | 2nd | sg | pl
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| sg | pl/sg | pl
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| pl | pl | pl
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Examples:
| (19) | le-sham | ratsu/rats | ha-jeled | o | ha-gever
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| to-there | ran.pl.masc/ran.sg.masc | the-boy | or | the-man
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| `The boy or the man were running there.'
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| (20) | le-sham | ratsu | ha-jeladim | o | ha-gever
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| to-there | ran.pl.masc | the-boys | or | the-man
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| `The boys or the man were running there.'
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| (21) | le-sham | ratsu | ha-jeled | o | ha-gvarim
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| to-there | ran.pl.masc | the-boy | or | the-men
|
| `The boy or the men were running there.'
|
Patterns for person
Coordination with ``and''
SV order
Pattern: Mismatching person is resolved following the hierarchy 1 > 2 > 3. (Number is resolved to plural.)
| 1st | 2nd | 1 | 2 | 3
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| 1 | | 1pl | 1pl
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| 2 | 1pl | | 2pl
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| 3 | 1pl | 2pl |
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Examples:
| (22) | ani | ve-ata | ratsnu
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| I | and-you.masc | ran.1pl
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| `I and you ran.'
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| (23) | ata | ve-ani | ratsnu
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| you.masc | and-I | ran.1pl
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| `You and I ran.'
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| (24) | ani | ve-hu | ratsnu
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| I | and-he | ran.1pl
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| `I and he ran.'
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| (25) | hu | ve-ani | ratsnu
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| he | and-I | ran.1pl
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| `He and I ran.'
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| (26) | ata | ve-hu | ratstem
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| you.masc | and-he | ran.2pl
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| `You and he ran.'
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| (27) | hu | ve-ata | ratstem
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| he | and-you.masc | ran.2pl
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| `He and you ran.'
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VS order
Pattern: Mismatching person is resolved following the hierarchy 1 > 2 > 3. (Number is resolved to plural.) If the first conjunct is 3rd person, the result is ineffable.
| 1st | 2nd | 1 | 2 | 3
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| 1 | | 1pl | 1pl
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| 2 | 1pl | | 2pl
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| 3 | ineff | ineff |
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Examples:
| (28) | le-sham | ratsnu | ani | ve-ata
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| to-there | ran.1pl | I | and-you.masc
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| `I and you were running there.'
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| (29) | le-sham | ratsnu | ata | ve-ani
|
| to-there | ran.1pl | you.masc | and-I
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| `You and I were running there.'
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| (30) | le-sham | ratsnu | ani | ve-hu
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| to-there | ran.1pl | I | and-he
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| `I and he were running there.'
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| (31) | *le-sham | ratsnu | hu | ve-ani
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| to-there | ran.1pl | he | and-I
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| `He and I were running there.'
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| (32) | *le-sham | ratstem | hu | ve-ata
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| to-there | ran.2pl | he | and-you.masc
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| `He and you were running there.'
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| (33) | le-sham | ratstem | ata | ve-hu
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| to-there | ran.2pl | you.masc | and-he
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| `You and he were running there.'
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Coordination with ``or''
SV order
Pattern: Mismatching person is resolved following the hierarchy 1 > 2 > 3. (Number is resolved to plural.)
| 1st | 2nd | 1 | 2 | 3
|
| 1 | | 1pl | 1pl
|
| 2 | 1pl | | 2pl
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| 3 | 1pl | 2pl |
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Examples:
| (34) | ani | o | ata | ratsnu
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| I | or | you.masc | ran.1pl
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| `I or you ran.'
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| (35) | ata | o | ani | ratsnu
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| you.masc | or | I | ran.1pl
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| `You or I ran.'
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| (36) | ani | o | hu | ratsnu
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| I | or | he | ran.1pl
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| `I or he ran.'
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| (37) | hu | o | ani | ratsnu
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| he | or | I | ran.1pl
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| `He or I ran.'
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| (38) | ata | o | hu | ratstem
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| you.masc | or | he | ran.2pl
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| `You or he ran.'
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| (39) | hu | o | ata | ratstem
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| he | or | you.masc | ran.2pl
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| `He or you ran.'
|
VS order
Pattern: Mismatching person is resolved following the hierarchy 1 > 2 > 3. (Number is resolved to plural.) If one of the conjuncts is 3rd person, the result is ineffable.
| 1st | 2nd | 1 | 2 | 3
|
| 1 | | 1pl | ineff
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| 2 | 1pl | | ineff
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| 3 | ineff | ineff |
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Examples:
| (40) | le-sham | ratsnu | ani | o | ata
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| to-there | ran.1pl | I | or | you.masc
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| `I or you were running there.'
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| (41) | le-sham | ratsnu | ata | o | ani
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| to-there | ran.1pl | you.masc | or | I
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| `You or I were running there.'
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| (42) | *le-sham | ratsnu | ani | o | hu
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| to-there | ran.1pl | I | or | he
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| `I or he were running there.'
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| (43) | *le-sham | ratsnu | hu | o | ani
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| to-there | ran.1pl | he | or | I
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| `He or I were running there.'
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| (44) | *le-sham | ratstem | hu | o | ata
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| to-there | ran.2pl | he | or | you.masc
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| `He or you were running there.'
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| (45) | *le-sham | ratstem | ata | o | hu
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| to-there | ran.2pl | you.masc | or | he
|
| `You or he were running there.'
|