RUSSIAN
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Himmelreich, Anke, Melissa Jeckel, Katharina Hartmann, Johannes Mursell (2021): Agreement with Coordinated Subjects in the World's Languages [Data set]. Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main (Link: https://www.multivaluation.de/database.php)
Overview
| Language family: | Indo-European (Slavic)
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| Countries: | Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Estonia, Latvia and other neighboring post-Soviet states, and Russian diaspora
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| Number of speakers: | 150 million
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| Agreement features: | number, person
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| Attested word orders: | SV
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| Coordination types: | and, or
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Data Collection
Data were entered by three native speakers via an online survey.
Patterns for number
Coordination with ``and''
SV order
Pattern: The number on the verb is plural in all cases.
| 1st | 2nd | sg | pl
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| sg | pl | pl
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| pl | pl | pl
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Examples:
| (1) | mal'čik | i | mužčina | begut |
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| boy.sg | and | man.sg | run.3pl |
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| `The boy and the man run.'
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| (2) | mal'čik | i | mužčina | begut |
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| boy.pl | and | man.sg | run.3pl |
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| `The boys and the man run.'
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| (3) | mal'čik | i | mužčiny | begut | |
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| boy.sg | and | man.pl | run.3pl |
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| `The boy and the men run.'
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Coordination with ``or''
SV order
Pattern: With two singular conjuncts, the verb is singular. If the two conjuncts mismatch in number, number is resolved to plural.
| 1st | 2nd | sg | pl
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| sg | sg | pl
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| pl | pl | pl
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Examples:
| (6) | mal'čik | ili | mužčina | bežit |
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| boy.sg | or | man.sg | run.3sg |
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| `The boy or the man run.'
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| (7) | mal'čiki | ili | mužčina | begut |
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| boy.pl | or | man.sg | run.3pl |
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| `The boys or the man run.'
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| (8) | mal'čik | ili | mužčiny | begut |
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| boy.sg | or | man.pl | run.3pl |
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| `The boy or the men run.'
|
Patterns for person
Coordination with ``and''
SV order
Pattern: Speakers prefer to use a comitative construction. A coordination structure seems to be possible for some speakers in combinations with 1st and 2nd person. Then, person seems to be resolved according to the hierarchy 1 > 2 > 3. (Number is resolved to plural.) Coordination of 1st and 3rd person (plural) are ineffable.
| 1st | 2nd | 1 | 2 | 3
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| 1 | | 1pl | ineff
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| 2 | 1pl | |
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| 3 | ineff | |
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Examples:
| (11) | Ty | i | ja | bežim. |
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| you | and | I | run.1pl |
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| `You and I run.'
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| (12) | Ja | i | ty | bežim. |
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| I | and | you | run.1pl |
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| `I and you run.'
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| (13) | *My | i | ony | bežim/begut. |
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| we | and | they | run.1pl/run.3pl
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| `We and they run.'
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| (14) | *Oni | i | my | bežim/begut. |
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| they | and | we | run.1pl/run.3pl
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| `They and we run.'
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Coordination with ``or''
SV order
Pattern: There is closest conjunct agreement.
| 1st | 2nd | 1 | 2 | 3
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| 1 | | 2sg | 3pl
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| 2 | 1sg | |
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| 3 | 1pl | |
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Examples:
| (15) | ty | | ili | ja | begu | |
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| you | or | I | run.1sg |
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| `You or I run.'
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| (16) | ja | ili' | ty | bežiš' |
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| I | or | you | run.2sg |
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| `I or you run.'
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| (17) | my | ili | oni | begut |
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| we | or | they | run.3pl |
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| `We or they run.'
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| (18) | oni | ili | my | bežim |
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| they | or | we | run.1pl |
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| `They or we run.'
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