A GENERAL THEORY OF MULTIVALUATION A GENERAL THEORY OF MULTIVALUATION

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(Old Database about Coordination)

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Himmelreich, Anke, Melissa Jeckel, Katharina Hartmann, Johannes Mursell (2021): Agreement with Coordinated Subjects in the World's Languages [Data set]. Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main (Link: https://www.multivaluation.de/database.php)

Overview

Language family:Indo-European (Romance)
Countries:Spain, Andorra, France, Italy
Number of speakers:4.1 million
Agreement features:number, person
Attested word orders:SV, VS
Coordination types:and, or

Data Collection

The data were entered by a native speaker via an online survey.

Patterns for number

Coordination with ``and''

SV order

Pattern: The number on the verb is plural in all cases.

1st | 2ndsgpl
sgplpl
plplpl

Examples:

(1)     Elnoiil'homecorren.
the.sgboy.sgandthe-man.sgrun.3pl
`The boy and the man run.'
(2)     Elsnoisil'homecorren.
the.plboy.plandthe-man.sgrun.3pl
`The boys and the man run.'
(3)     Elnoiielshomescorren.
the.sgboy.sgandthe.plman.plrun.3pl
`The boy and the men run.'

VS order

Pattern: The number on the verb is plural in all cases.

1st | 2ndsgpl
sgplpl
plplpl

Examples:

(5)     Correnelnoiil'home
run.3plthe.sgboy.SGandthe-man.sg
`The boy and the man run.'
(6)     Correnelsnoisil'home.
run.3plthe.plboy.plandthe-man.sg
`The boys and the man run.'
(7)     Correnelnoiielshomes.
run.3plthe.sgboy.sgandthe.plman.pl
`The boy and the men run.'

Coordination with ``or''

SV order

Pattern: With two singular conjuncts, the verb is singular. If the two conjuncts mismatch in number, number is resolved to plural.

1st | 2ndsgpl
sgsgpl
plplpl

Examples:

(8)     Elnoiol'homecorre.
the.sgboy.sgorthe-man.sgrun.3sg
`The boy or the man run.'
(9)     Elsnoisol'homecorren.
the.plboy.plorman.sgrun.3pl
`The boys or the man run.'
(10)     Elnoioelshomescorren.
the.sgboy.sgorthe.plman.plrun.3pl
`The boy or the men run.'

VS order

Pattern: With two singular conjuncts, the verb is singular. If the two conjuncts mismatch in number, the number of the first conjunct which is closer to the verb matches the number on the verb.

1st | 2ndsgpl
sgpl/sgpl/sg
plpl/sgpl/sg

Examples:

(12)     Correelnoiol'home
run.3sgthe.sgboy.SGorthe-man.sg
`The boy and the man run.'
(13)     Correnelsnoisol'home.
run.3plthe.plboy.plorthe-man.sg
`The boys and the man run.'
(14)     Correelnoioelshomes.
run.3sgthe.sgboy.sgorthe.plman.pl
`The boy and the men run.'

Patterns for person

Coordination with ``and''

SV order

Pattern: In all cases person is resolved to first person. (Note: number is resolved to plural.)

1st | 2nd123
11pl1pl
21pl
31pl

Examples:

(15)     Tuijocorrem.
youandIrun.1pl
`You and I run.'
(16)     Joitucorrem.
Iandyourun.1pl
`I and you run.'
(17)     Nosaltresiellscorrem.
weandtheyrun.1pl
`We and they run.'
(18)     Ellsinosaltrescorrem.
theyandwerun.1pl
`They and we run.'

VS order

Pattern: In all cases, person seems to be resolved according to the hierarchy 1 > 2 > 3. (Note: number is resolved to plural.)

1st | 2nd123
11pl1pl
21pl2pl
31pl2pl

Examples:

(19)     Corremtuijo.
run.1plyouandI
`You and I run.'
(20)     Corremellijo.
run.1plheandI
`He and I run.'
(21)     Correutuiell.
run.2plyouandhe
`You and he run.'
(22)     Correuellitu.
run.2plheandyou
`He and you run.'

Coordination with ``or''

SV order

Pattern: In all cases person is resolved to first person. (Note: Number is resolved to plural.)

1st | 2nd123
11pl1pl
21pl
31pl

Examples:

(23)     Tuojocorrem.
youorIrun.1pl
`You or I run.'
(24)     Jootucorrem.
Ioryourun.1pl
`I or you run.'
(25)     Nosaltresoellscorrem.
weortheyrun.1pl
`We or they run.'
(26)     Ellsonosaltrescorrem.
theyorwerun.1pl
`They or we run.'

VS order

Pattern: You get closest conjunct agreement, whereas resolved conjunct agreement is also accepted.

1st | 2nd123
12sg/1pl3sg/1pl
21pl/2sg2sg/2pl
31pl/3sg2sg/3sg/2pl

Examples:

(27)     Correstuojo.
youorIrun.1pl
`You or I run.'
(28)     Corremtuojo.
Ioryourun.1pl
`I or you run.'
(29)     Correellojo.
weortheyrun.1pl
`We or they run.'
(30)     Corremellojo.
theyorwerun.1pl
`They or we run.'
(31)     Correuellotu.
run.2plheoryou
`He or you run.'
(32)     Correstuoell.
run.2sgyouorhe.
`Yiu or he run.'