STANDARD PERSIAN
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Cite as
Himmelreich, Anke, Melissa Jeckel, Katharina Hartmann, Johannes Mursell (2021): Agreement with Coordinated Subjects in the World's Languages [Data set]. Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main (Link: https://www.multivaluation.de/database.php)
Overview
| Language family: | Indo-European (Indo-Iranian)
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| Countries: | Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Russia, Azerbaijan
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| Number of speakers: | 70 million
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| Agreement features: | number, person
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| Attested word orders: | SV
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| Coordination types: | and, or
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Data Collection
The data were entered by a native speaker via an online survey.
Patterns for number
Coordination with ``and''
SV order
Pattern: The number on the verb is plural in all cases.
| 1st | 2nd | sg | pl
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| sg | pl | pl
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| pl | pl | pl
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Examples:
| (1) | (An) | pesar | va | (an) | mard | midavand. |
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| (the) | boy.sg | and | (the) | man.sg | run.3pl |
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| `The boy or the man run.'
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| (2) | (An) | pesar-ha | va | (an) | mard | midavand. |
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| (the) | boy.pl | and | (the) | man.sg | run.3pl |
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| `The boys or the man run.'
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| (3) | (An) | pesar | va | (an) | mard-ha | midavand. |
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| (the) | boy.sg | and | (the) | man.pl | run.3pl |
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| `The boy or the men run.'
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| (4) | (An) | pesar-ha | va | (an) | mard-ha | midavand. |
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| (the) | boy.pl | and | (the) | man.pl | run.3pl |
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| `The boys or the men run.'
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Coordination with ``or''
SV order
Pattern: The number on the verb is plural in all cases.
| 1st | 2nd | sg | pl
|
| sg | pl | pl
|
| pl | pl | pl
|
Examples:
| (7) | (An) | pesar | ya | (an) | mard | midavand. |
|
| (the) | boy.sg | or | (the) | man.sg | run.3pl |
|
| `The boy or the man run.'
|
| (8) | (An) | pesar-ha | ya | (an) | mard | midavand. |
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| (the) | boy.pl | or | (the) | man.sg | run.3pl |
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| `The boys or the man run.'
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| (9) | (An) | pesar | ya | (an) | mard-ha | midavand. |
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| (the) | boy.sg | or | (the) | man.pl | run.3pl |
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| `The boy or the men run.'
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| (10) | (An) | pesar-ha | ya | (an) | mard-ha | midavand. |
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| (the) | boy.pl | or | the | man.pl | run.3pl |
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| `The boys or the men run.'
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Patterns for person
Coordination with ``and''
SV order
Pattern: Mismatching person seem to be resolved according to the hierarchy 1 > 2 > 3. (Note: Number is resolved to plural.)
| 1st | 2nd | 1 | 2 | 3
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| 1 | | 1pl | 1pl
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| 2 | 1pl | |
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| 3 | 1pl | |
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Examples:
| (13) | To | va | man | midavim. |
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| you | and | I | run.1pl |
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| `You and I run.'
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| (14) | Man | va | to | midavim. |
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| I | and | you | run.1pl |
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| `I and you run.'
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| (15) | Ma | va | anha | midavim. |
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| we | and | they | run.1pl |
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| `We and they run.'
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| (16) | Anha | va | ma | midavim. |
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| they | and | we | run.1pl |
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| `They and we run.'
|
Coordination with ``or''
SV order
Pattern: Mismatching person seem to be resolved according to the hierarchy 1 > 2 > 3. (Note: Number is resolved to plural.)
| 1st | 2nd | 1 | 2 | 3
|
| 1 | | 1pl | 1pl
|
| 2 | 1pl | |
|
| 3 | 1pl | |
|
Examples:
| (17) | To | ya | man | midavim. |
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| you | or | I | run.1pl |
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| `You or I run.'
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| (18) | Man | ya | to | midavim. |
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| I | or | you | run.1pl |
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| `I or you run.'
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| (19) | Ma | ya | anha | midavim. |
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| we | or | they | run.1pl |
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| `We or they run.'
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| (20) | Anha | ya | ma | midavim. |
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| they | or | we | run.1pl |
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| `They or we run.'
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