BOSNIAN-CROATIAN-MONTENEGRIN-SERBIAN
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Himmelreich, Anke, Melissa Jeckel, Katharina Hartmann, Johannes Mursell (2021): Agreement with Coordinated Subjects in the World's Languages [Data set]. Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main (Link: https://www.multivaluation.de/database.php)
Overview
| Language family: | Indo-European (Slavic)
|
| Countries: | Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia
|
| Number of speakers: | 21 million
|
| Agreement features: | number, person
|
| Attested word orders: | SV, VS
|
| Coordination types: | and, or
|
|
Data collection
The data are from a judgment elicitation with a native speaker from Shabac, Serbia. The speaker was asked to rate sentences on a scale from 1 to 5, 5 being the best possible score. In the examples, we translate the numeric judgments as follows: 1 = *, 2 = ??, 3 = ?, 4/5 = fully grammatical (Data by Marija Savić)
Patterns for number
Coordination with ``and''
SV order
Pattern: The number on the verb is plural in all combinations.
| 1st | 2nd | sg | pl
|
| sg | pl | pl
|
| pl | pl | pl
|
Examples:
| (1) | Dečak | i | muškarac | trče. |
|
| boy.sg | and | man.sg | run.3pl
|
| `The boy and the man run.'
|
| (2) | *Dečak | i | muškarac | trči. |
|
| boy.sg | and | man.sg | run.3sg |
|
| `The boy and the man run.'
|
| (3) | Dečaci | i | muškarac | trče. |
|
| boy.pl | and | man.sg | run.3pl |
|
| `The boys and the man run.'
|
| (4) | *Dečaci | i | muškarac | trči. |
|
| boy.pl | and | man.sg | run.3sg |
|
| `The boys and the man run.'
|
| (5) | Dečak | i | muškarci | | trče. |
|
| boy.sg | and | man.pl | run.3pl |
|
| `The boy and the men run.'
|
| (6) | *Dečak | i | muškarci | trči. |
|
| boy.sg | and | man.pl | run.3sg |
|
| `The boy and the men run.'
|
| (7) | Dečaci | i | muškarci | trče. |
|
| boy.pl | and | man.pl | run.3pl |
|
| `The boys and the men run.'
|
VS order
Pattern: The number on the verb is plural in all combinations. 3sg agreement gets better, if the first conjunct is singular and if there is an intonation pause after the first conjunct.
| 1st | 2nd | sg | pl
|
| sg | pl | pl
|
| pl | pl | pl
|
Examples:
| (8) | Trče | dečak | i | muškarac. |
|
| run.3pl | boy.sg | and | man.sg |
|
|
|
| (9) | *Trči | dečak | i | muškarac. |
|
| run.3sg | boy.sg | and | man.sg |
|
| `The boy and the man run.'
|
| (10) | Trče | dečaci | i | muškarac.
|
| run.3pl | boy.pl | and | man.sg |
|
| `The boys and the man run.'
|
| (11) | *Trči | dečaci | i | muškarac.
|
| run.3sg | boy.pl | and | man.sg |
|
| `The boys and the man run.'
|
| (12) | Trče | dečak | i | muškarci.
|
| run.3pl | boy.sg | and | man.pl
|
| `The boy and the men run.'
|
| (13) | *Trči | dečak | i | muškarci.
|
| run.3sg | boy.sg | and | man.pl
|
| `The boy and the men run.'
|
Coordination with ``or''
SV order
Pattern: The number on the verb is plural in all cases.
| 1st | 2nd | sg | pl
|
| sg | pl | pl
|
| pl | pl | pl
|
Examples:
| (14) | Dečak | ili | muškarac | | trče. |
|
| boy.sg | or | man.sg | run.3pl |
|
| `The boy or the man run.'
|
| (15) | *Dečak | ili | muškarac | | trči. |
|
| boy.sg | or | man.sg | run.3sg |
|
| `The boy or the man run.'
|
| (16) | Dečaci | ili | muškarac | | trče. |
|
| boy.pl | or | man.sg | run.3pl |
|
| `The boys or the man run.'
|
| (17) | *Dečaci | ili | muškarac | | trči. |
|
| boy.pl | or | man.sg | run.3sg |
|
| `The boys or the man run.'
|
| (18) | Dečak | ili | muškarci | trče. |
|
| boy.sg | or | man.pl | run.3pl |
|
| `The boy or the men run.'
|
| (19) | *Dečak | ili | muškarci | trči. |
|
| boy.sg | or | man.pl | run.3sg |
|
| `The boy or the men run.'
|
| (20) | Dečaci | ili | muškarci | trče. |
|
| boy.pl | or | man.pl | run.3pl |
|
| `The boys or the men run.'
|
VS order
Pattern: The number on the verb is plural in all cases. The option with 3sg agreement gets better, if both conjuncts are singular and if there is an intonation pause after the first conjunct
| 1st | 2nd | sg | pl
|
| sg | ?sg/pl | pl
|
| pl | pl | pl
|
Examples:
| (21) | Trče | dečak | ili | muškarac. |
|
| run.3pl | boy.sg | or | man.sg
|
| `The boy or the man run.'
|
| (22) | ?Trči | dečak | ili | muškarac.
|
| run.3sg | boy.sg | or | man.sg
|
| `The boy or the man run.'
|
| (23) | Trče | dečaci | ili | muškarac. |
|
| run.3pl | boy.pl | or | man.sg
|
| `The boys or the man run.'
|
| (24) | *Trči | dečaci | ili | muškarac. |
|
| run.3sg | boy.pl | or | man.sg |
|
| `The boys or the man run.'
|
| (25) | Trče | dečak | ili | muškarci. |
|
| run.3pl | boy.sg | or | man.pl
|
| `The boy or the men run.'
|
| (26) | *Trči | dečak | ili | muškarci. |
|
| run.3sg | boy.sg | or | man.pl
|
| `The boy or the men run.'
|
Patterns for person
Coordination with ``and''
SV order
Pattern: Person resolution follows the hierarchy 1 > 2 > 3. (Number is resolved to plural.) The conjunctions ti i ja (``you and I'') and on i ja (``he and I'') are equivalent to the meaning of ``we'' and can be dropped just like ``we''. Similarly, ti i on and on i ti are equivalent to the meaning of ``you(pl.)'' and can also be dropped. The context usually tells the referents. However, they are not ungrammatical. Conjunctions that begin with ja (``I'') are considered impolite and are therefore not preferred by speakers.
| 1st | 2nd | 1 | 2 | 3
|
| 1 | | 1pl | 1pl
|
| 2 | 1pl | | 2pl
|
| 3 | 1pl | 2pl |
|
Examples:
| (27) | *Ja | i | ti | trčim. |
|
| I | and | you | run.1sg |
|
| `I and you run.'
|
| (28) | *Ja | i | ti | trčiš. |
|
| I | and | you | run.2sg |
|
| `I and you run.'
|
| (29) | Ja | i | ti | trčimo. |
|
| I | and | you | run.1pl |
|
| `I and you run.'
|
| (30) | *Ja | i | ti | trče. |
|
| I | and | you | run.3pl |
|
| `I and you run.'
|
| (31) | *Ti | i | ja | trčim. |
|
| you | and | I | run.1sg |
|
| `You and I run.'
|
| (32) | *Ti | i | ja | trčiš. |
|
| you | and | I | run.2sg |
|
| `You and I run.'
|
| (33) | (Ti | i | ja) | trčimo.
|
| you | and | I | run.1pl |
|
| `You and I run.'
|
| (34) | *Ti | i | ja | trče. |
|
| you | and | I | run.3pl |
|
| `You and I run.'
|
| (35) | *Ja | i | on | trčim.
|
| I | and | he | run.1sg |
|
| `I and he run.'
|
| (36) | *Ja | i | on | trči. |
|
| I | and | he | run.3sg |
|
| `I and he run.'
|
| (37) | Ja | i | on | trčimo. |
|
| I | and | he | run.1pl |
|
| `I and he run.'
|
| (38) | *Ja | i | on | trče. |
|
| I | and | he | run.3pl |
|
| `I and he run.'
|
| (39) | *On | i | ja | trčim. |
|
| he | and | I | run.1sg |
|
| `He and I run.'
|
| (40) | *On | i | ja | trči. |
|
| he | and | I | run.3sg |
|
| `He and I run.'
|
| (41) | (On | i | ja) | trčimo.
|
| he | and | I | run.1pl |
|
| `He and I run.'
|
| (42) | *On | i | ja | trče. |
|
| he | and | I | run.3pl |
|
| `He and I run.'
|
| (43) | *Ti | i | on | trči. |
|
| you | and | he | run.3sg |
|
| `You and he run.'
|
| (44) | *Ti | i | on | trčiš. |
|
| you | and | he | run.2sg |
|
| `You and he run.'
|
| (45) | (Ti | i | on) | trčite.
|
| you | and | he | run.2pl |
|
| `You and he run.'
|
| (46) | *Ti | i | on | trče. |
|
| you | and | he | run.3pl |
|
| `You and he run.'
|
| (47) | *On | i | ti | trči. |
|
| he | and | you | run.3sg |
|
| `He and you run.'
|
| (48) | *On | i | ti | trčiš. |
|
| he | and | you | run.2sg |
|
| `He and you run.'
|
| (49) | (On | i | ti) | trčite.
|
| he | and | you | run.2pl |
|
| `He and you run.'
|
| (50) | *On | i | ti | trče. |
|
| he | and | you | run.3pl |
|
| `He and you run.'
|
VS order
Pattern: Person resolution follows the hierarchy 1 > 2 > 3. (Number is resolved to plural.)
| 1st | 2nd | 1 | 2 | 3
|
| 1 | | 1pl | 1pl
|
| 2 | 1pl | | 2pl
|
| 3 | 1pl | 2pl |
|
Examples:
| (51) | *Trčim | ja | i | ti. |
|
| run.1sg | I | and | you |
|
| `I and you run.'
|
| (52) | *Trčiš | ja | i | ti. |
|
| run.2sg | I | and | you | |
|
| `I and you run.'
|
| (53) | Trčimo | ja | i | ti. |
|
| run.1pl | I | and | you |
|
| `I and you run.'
|
| (54) | *Trče | ja | i | ti. |
|
| run.3pl | I | and | you |
|
| `I and you run.'
|
| (55) | *Trčim | ti | i | ja. |
|
| run.1sg | you | and | I |
|
| `You and I run.'
|
| (56) | *Trčiš | ti | i | ja. |
|
| run.2sg | you | and | I |
|
| `You and I run.'
|
| (57) | Trčimo | ti | i | ja.
|
| run.1pl | you | and | I |
|
| `You and I run.'
|
| (58) | *Trče | ti | i | ja. |
|
| run.3pl | you | and | I |
|
| `You and I run.'
|
| (59) | *Trčim | ja | i | on. |
|
| run.1sg | I | and | he |
|
| `I and he run.'
|
| (60) | *Trči | ja | i | on. |
|
| run.3sg | I | and | he |
|
| `I and he run.'
|
| (61) | Trčimo | ja | i | on. |
|
| run.1pl | I | and | he |
|
| `I and he run.'
|
| (62) | *Trče | ja | i | on. |
|
| run.3pl | I | and | he |
|
| `I and he run.'
|
| (63) | *Trčim | on | i | ja. |
|
| run.1sg | he | and | I |
|
| `He and I run.'
|
| (64) | *Trči | on | i | ja. |
|
| run.3sg | he | and | I |
|
| `He and I run.'
|
| (65) | Trčimo | on | i | ja. |
|
| run.1pl | he | and | I |
|
| `He and I run.'
|
| (66) | *Trče | on | i | ja. |
|
| run.3pl | he | and | I
|
| `He and I run.'
|
| (67) | *Trči | ti | i | on. |
|
| run.3sg | you | and | he |
|
| `You and he run.'
|
| (68) | *Trčiš | ti | i | on. |
|
| run.2sg | you | and | he |
|
| `You and he run.'
|
| (69) | Trčite | ti | i | on.
|
| | run.2pl | you | and | he
|
| `You and he run.'
|
| (70) | *Trče | ti | i | on. |
|
| run.3pl | you | and | he |
|
| `You and he run.'
|
| (71) | *Trči | on | i | ti. |
|
| run.3sg | he | and | you
|
| `He and you run.'
|
| (72) | *Trčiš | on | i | ti. |
|
| run.2sg | he | and | you
|
| `He and you run.'
|
| (73) | Trčite | on | i | ti.
|
| run.2pl | he | and | you
|
| `He and you run.'
|
| (74) | *Trče | on | i | ti. |
|
| run.3pl | he | and | you
|
| `He and you run.'
|
Coordination with ``or''
SV order
Pattern: Person resolution follows the hierarchy 1 > 2 > 3. (Number is resolved to plural.)
| 1st | 2nd | 1 | 2 | 3
|
| 1 | | 1pl | 1pl
|
| 2 | 1pl | | 2pl
|
| 3 | 1pl | 2pl |
|
Examples:
| (75) | *Ja | ili | ti | trčim. |
|
| I | or | you | run.1sg |
|
| `I or you run.'
|
| (76) | *Ja | ili | ti | trčiš. |
|
| I | or | you | run.2sg |
|
| `I or you run.'
|
| (77) | Ja | ili | ti | trčimo. |
|
| I | or | you | run.1pl |
|
| `I or you run.'
|
| (78) | *Ja | ili | ti | trče. |
|
| I | or | you | run.3pl |
|
| `I or you run.'
|
| (79) | *Ti | ili | ja | trčim. |
|
| you | or | I | run.1sg |
|
| `You or I run.'
|
| (80) | *Ti | ili | ja | trčiš. |
|
| you | or | I | run.2sg |
|
| `You or I run.'
|
| (81) | Ti | ili | ja | trčimo. |
|
| you | or | I | run.1pl |
|
| `You or I run.'
|
| (82) | *Ti | ili | ja | trče. |
|
| you | or | I | run.3pl |
|
| `You or I run.'
|
| (83) | *Ja | ili | on | trčim.
|
| I | or | he | run.1sg |
|
| `I or he run.'
|
| (84) | *Ja | ili | on | trči. |
|
| I | or | he | run.3sg |
|
| `I or he run.'
|
| (85) | Ja | ili | on | trčimo. |
|
| I | or | he | run.1pl |
|
| `I or he run.'
|
| (86) | *Ja | ili | on | trče. |
|
| I | or | he | run.3pl |
|
| `I or he run.'
|
| (87) | *On | ili | ja | trčim. |
|
| he | or | I | run.1sg |
|
| `He or I run.'
|
| (88) | *On | ili | ja | trči. |
|
| he | or | I | run.3sg |
|
| `He or I run.'
|
| (89) | On | ili | ja | trčimo.
|
| he | or | I | run.1pl |
|
| `He or I run.'
|
| (90) | *On | ili | ja | trče. |
|
| he | or | I | run.3pl |
|
| `He or I run.'
|
| (91) | *Ti | ili | on | trči. |
|
| you | or | he | run.3sg |
|
| `You or he run.'
|
| (92) | *Ti | ili | on | trčiš. |
|
| you | or | he | run.2sg |
|
| `You or he run.'
|
| (93) | Ti | ili | on | trčite.
|
| you | or | he | run.2pl |
|
| `You or he run.'
|
| (94) | *Ti | ili | on | trče. |
|
| you | or | he | run.3pl |
|
| `You or he run.'
|
| (95) | *On | ili | ti | trči. |
|
| he | or | you | run.3sg |
|
| `He or you run.'
|
| (96) | *On | ili | ti | trčiš. |
|
| he | or | you | run.2sg |
|
| `He or you run.'
|
| (97) | On | ili | ti | trčite.
|
| he | or | you | run.2pl |
|
| `He or you run.'
|
| (98) | *On | ili | ti | trče. |
|
| he | or | you | run.3pl |
|
| `He or you run.'
|
VS order
Pattern: Person resolution follows the hierarchy 1 > 2 > 3. (Number is resolved to plural.)
| 1st | 2nd | 1 | 2 | 3
|
| 1 | | 1pl | 1pl
|
| 2 | 1pl | | 2pl
|
| 3 | 1pl | 2pl |
|
Examples:
| (99) | *Trčim | ja | ili | ti. |
|
| run.1sg | I | or | you |
|
| `I or you run.'
|
| (100) | *Trčiš | ja | ili | ti. |
|
| run.2sg | I | or | you | |
|
| `I or you run.'
|
| (101) | Trčimo | ja | ili | ti. |
|
| run.1pl | I | or | you |
|
| `I or you run.'
|
| (102) | *Trče | ja | ili | ti. |
|
| run.3pl | I | or | you |
|
| `I or you run.'
|
| (103) | *Trčim | ti | ili | ja. |
|
| run.1sg | you | or | I |
|
| `You or I run.'
|
| (104) | *Trčiš | ti | ili | ja. |
|
| run.2sg | you | or | I |
|
| `You or I run.'
|
| (105) | Trčimo | ti | ili | ja.
|
| run.1pl | you | or | I |
|
| `You or I run.'
|
| (106) | *Trče | ti | ili | ja. |
|
| run.3pl | you | or | I |
|
| `You or I run.'
|
| (107) | *Trčim | ja | ili | on. |
|
| run.1sg | I | or | he |
|
| `I or he run.'
|
| (108) | *Trči | ja | ili | on. |
|
| run.3sg | I | or | he |
|
| `I or he run.'
|
| (109) | Trčimo | ja | ili | on. |
|
| run.1pl | I | or | he |
|
| `I or he run.'
|
| (110) | *Trče | ja | ili | on. |
|
| run.3pl | I | or | he |
|
| `I or he run.'
|
| (111) | *Trčim | on | ili | ja. |
|
| run.1sg | he | or | I |
|
| `He or I run.'
|
| (112) | *Trči | on | ili | ja. |
|
| run.3sg | he | or | I |
|
| `He or I run.'
|
| (113) | Trčimo | on | ili | ja. |
|
| run.1pl | he | or | I |
|
| `He or I run.'
|
| (114) | *Trče | on | ili | ja. |
|
| run.3pl | he | or | I
|
| `He or I run.'
|
| (115) | *Trči | ti | ili | on. |
|
| run.3sg | you | or | he |
|
| `You or he run.'
|
| (116) | *Trčiš | ti | ili | on. |
|
| run.2sg | you | or | he |
|
| `You or he run.'
|
| (117) | Trčite | ti | ili | on.
|
| | run.2pl | you | or | he
|
| `You or he run.'
|
| (118) | *Trče | ti | ili | on. |
|
| run.3pl | you | or | he |
|
| `You or he run.'
|
| (119) | *Trči | on | ili | ti. |
|
| run.3sg | he | or | you
|
| `He or you run.'
|
| (120) | *Trčiš | on | ili | ti. |
|
| run.2sg | he | or | you
|
| `He or you run.'
|
| (121) | Trčite | on | ili | ti.
|
| run.2pl | he | or | you
|
| `He or you run.'
|
| (122) | *Trče | on | ili | ti. |
|
| run.3pl | he | or | you
|
| `He or you run.'
|