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Himmelreich, Anke, Melissa Jeckel, Katharina Hartmann, Johannes Mursell (2021): Agreement with Coordinated Subjects in the World's Languages [Data set]. Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main (Link: https://www.multivaluation.de/database.php)
Overview
| Language family: | Indo-European (Romance)
|
| Countries: | Italy
|
| Number of speakers: | 4.7 million
|
| Agreement features: | number, person
|
| Attested word orders: | SV
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| Coordination types: | and, or
|
|
Data Collection
The data were entered by a native speaker via an online survey.
Patterns for number
Coordination with ``and''
SV order
Pattern: The number on the verb is plural in all cases.
| 1st | 2nd | sg | pl
|
| sg | pl | pl
|
| pl | pl | pl
|
Examples:
| (1) | il | ragazzo | e | l-uomo | corrono |
|
| the.sg | boy.sg | and | the.sg-man.sg | run.3pl |
|
| `The boy and the man run.'
|
| (2) | i | ragazzi | e | l-uomo | corrono. |
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| the.pl | boy.pl | and | the.sg-man.sg | run.3pl |
|
| `The boys and the man run.'
|
| (3) | il | ragazzo | e | gli | uomini | corrono. |
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| the.sg | boy.sg | and | the.pl | man.pl | run.3pl |
|
| `The boy and the men run.'
|
| (4) | i | ragazzi | e | gli | uomini | corrono. |
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| the.pl | boy.pl | and | the.pl | man.pl | run.3pl |
|
| `The boys and the men run.'
|
Coordination with ``or''
VS order
Pattern: With two singular conjuncts, the verb is singular. If the two conjuncts mismatch in number, number is resolved to plural.
| 1st | 2nd | sg | pl
|
| sg | sg | pl
|
| pl | pl | pl
|
Examples:
| (5) | O | corre | il | ragazzo | o | l'uomo |
|
| or | run.3sg | the.sg.masc | boy.sg | or | the.sg-man.sg |
|
| `The boy or the man run.'
|
| (6) | O | corrono | i | ragazzi | o | l'uomo |
|
| or | run.3pl | the.pl.masc | boy.pl | or | man.sg
|
| `The boys or the man run.'
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| (7) | O | corrono | i | ragazzi | o | gli | uomini |
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| or | run.3pl | the.pl.masc | boy.pl | or | the.pl.masc | man.pl |
|
| `The boys or the men run.'
|
Patterns for person
Coordination with ``and''
SV order
Pattern: In all cases, person seems to be resolved according to the hierarchy 1 > 2 > 3. (Note: number is resolved to plural.)
| 1st | 2nd | 1 | 2 | 3
|
| 1 | | 1pl | 1pl
|
| 2 | 1pl | |
|
| 3 | 1pl | |
|
Examples:
| (8) | tu | e | io | corriamo. |
|
| you | and | I | run.1pl |
|
| `You and I run.'
|
| (9) | Io | e | tu | corriamo. |
|
| I | and | you | run.1pl |
|
| `I and you run.'
|
| (10) | Noi | e | loro | corriamo. |
|
| we | and | they | run.1pl |
|
| `We and they run.'
|
| (11) | Sia loro | che | noi | corriamo. |
|
| they | and | we | run.1pl |
|
| `They and we run.'
|
Coordination with ``or''
| 1st | 2nd | 1 | 2 | 3
|
| 1 | | 1pl | 1pl
|
| 2 | 1pl | |
|
| 3 | 1pl | |
|
Examples:
| (12) | O | corri | tu | o | corro | io |
|
| or | run.2sg | you | or | run.1sg | I |
|
| `You or I run.'
|
| (13) | O | corro | io | o | corri | tu |
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| or | run.1sg | I | or | run.2sg | you |
|
| `I or you run.'
|
| (14) | O | corriamo | noi | o | corrono | loro |
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| or | run.1pl | we | or | run.3pl | they |
|
| `We or they run.'
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| (15) | O | corrono | loro | o | corriamo. | noi |
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| or | run.3pl | they | or | run.1pl | we |
|
| `They or we run.'
|